Three Hypotheses of Multiculturalism in Three Days: Depiction of 46 Ethnic Minorities in Russian Online-Media
Keywords:
multiculturalism, ethnic minorities, online-media, content analysis
Abstract
The issue of multiculturalism gains popularity among scholars, however very little research investigates how the media portrays this phenomenon. Research on depiction of interethnic relations in the media is especially topical in Russia, where more than 160 ethnic groups reside. This study investigates how Russian online media portrays the 46 largest ethnic minorities living in Russia from the perspective of the three hypotheses of intercultural interaction. We designed a system of indicators of multiculturalism for the analysis of the media contents. Using content analysis, we found that online media do not cover different aspects of multiculturalism with the same frequency. In particular, most often the minorities were displayed from the point of view of the integration hypothesis, least of all from the position of the contact hypothesis. However, this observation is not valid for individual groups. The most balanced coverage was observed for the Altais and Georgians. However, when depicting the remaining 44 groups the media focused only on one of the three domains of multiculturalism. For example, the coverage of the Laks and Tajiks was focused on the integration hypothesis; the coverage of the Tuvans, Komi and Chuvash people was focused on the identity hypothesis; the coverage of the Chechens and Avars was focused on the contact hypothesis. We found that although the media tend to depict ethnic diversity positively, this tendency did not hold for certain groups: on some cases the depiction was dominated by positive contents (e.g. the Tuvans, Laks, Mordvinians), in other cases – by negative contents (the Uzbeks, Tajiks, Azerbaijanis). The potential consequences of uneven representation of ethnocultural diversity by the media for the perception of these groups in reality are discussed in this paper.
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References
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33. Zhao, Z., & Postiglione, G. A. (2010). Representations of ethnic minorities in China’s university media. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 31(3), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596301003786928
2. Berry, J. W. (2015). Intercultural relationships in plural societies. In S. Guo & L. Wong (Eds.), Revisiting Multiculturalism in Canada(pp. 37-49). Rotterdam/Boston/Taipei: Sense Publishers.
3. Berry, J. W., & Sabatier, C. (2010). Acculturation, discrimination and adaptation among second generation immigrant youth in Montreal and Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 197-207.
4. Berry, J. W., & Sam, D. L. (2014). Multicultural societies. In V. Benet-Martinez, Y.-Y. Hong (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity (pp. 97-117). Oxford University Press.
5. Bloemraad, I. (2011, September 22). The debate over multiculturalism: philosophy, politics, and policy. Migration Information Source. Retrieved from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/debateover-multiculturalism-philosophy-politics-and-policy
6. Bloemraad, I., & Wright, M. (2014). “Utter failure” or unity out of diversity? Debating and evaluating policies of multiculturalism. International Migration Review, 48(s1), S292-S334. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12135
7. Dandy, J., & Pe-Pua, R. (2010). Attitudes to multiculturalism, immigration and cultural diversity: Comparison of dominant and non-dominant groups in three Australian states. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(1), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.10.003
8. European Commission: Eurobarometer 66.3. TNS OPINION & SOCIAL, Brussels. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne, 2006. ZA4528 Data file Version 2.0.1
9. Galyapina, V. N., & Lebedeva, N. M. (2016). Is multiculturalism in Russia possible? Intercultural relations in North Ossetia-Alania. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 9(1), 24-40. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2016.0102
10. Gui, Y., Safdar, S., & Berry, J. (2016). Mutual intercultural relations among university students in Canada. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, XXVII(April), 17-32.
11. Hillert, A., Jacobs, H., & Müller, S. (2014). Media makes momentum. Review of Financial Studies, 27(12), 3467-3501. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhu061
12. Hui, B. P. H., Chen, S. X., Leung, C. M., & Berry, J. W. (2015). Facilitating adaptation and intercultural contact: The role of integration and multicultural ideology in dominant and non-dominant groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 45, 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.01.002
13. Kalin, R., & Berry, J. W. (1995). Ethnic and civic self-identity in Canada: Analyses of 1974 and 1991 national surveys. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 27(2), 1-15.
14. Lebedeva, N. M., Tatarko, A. N., & Berry, J. W. (2016). Intercultural relations in Russia and Latvia: The relationship between contact and cultural security. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 9(1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2016.0103
15. Lienemann, B. A., & Stopp, H. T. (2013). The association between media exposure of interracial relationships and attitudes toward interracial relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, E398-E415. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12037
16. MediaScope (2017). WEB-Index: Audience of Internet projects. Results of the research: June 2017, Russia 0+. Retrieved from http://mediascope.net/services/media/media-audience/internet/information/?arrFilter_pf%5BYEAR%5D=2017&captcha_code=0c1c60553bee8dd3c8a591c9fb094ceb&captcha_word=44h38&set_filter=Y
17. Melican, D. B., & Dixon, T. L. (2015). News on the Net: credibility, selective exposure, and Racial Prejudice. Communication Research, 35(2), 151-168.
18. Mullainathan, S., & Shleifer, A. (2005). Market for news. The American Economic Review, 95(4), 1031-1053.
19. Omnibus GfK. (2016, January). Internet penetration in Russia: results of 2015. Retrieved from https://www.gfk.com/fileadmin/user_upload/dyna_content/RU/Documents/Press_Releases/2016/Internet_Usage_Russia_2015.pdf (in Russian)
20. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
21. Phinney, J.S., Jacoby, B., & Silva, C. (2007). Positive intergroup attitudes: The role of ethnic identity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(5), 478-490.
22. Pietikainen, S., & Hujanen, J. (2003). At the crossroads of ethnicity, place and identity: Representations of northern people and regions in Finnish news discourse. Media, Culture & Society, 25(2), 251-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437030252007
23. Plaut, V. C., Garnett, F. G., Buffardi, L. E., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2011). “What about me ?” Perceptions of exclusion and whites’ reactions to multiculturalism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022832
24. Poindexter, P. M., Smith, L., & Heider, D. (2003). Race and ethnicity in local television news: framing, story assignments, and source selections. Journal of Broacasting and Electronic Media, 47(4), 524-536.
25. Public Opinion Foundation. (2016). News on the Internet: Survey of Internet users about where they read the news and what information they are interested in. Retrieved from http://fom.ru/SMI-iinternet/12491 (in Russian)
26. Reece, D., & Palmgreen, P. (2000). Coming to America: need for acculturation and media use motives among indian sojourners in the US. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24(6), 807-824. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00033-X
27. Russian Public Opinion Research Center (2016, May). Press-vypusk № 3098. Retrievedfrom http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115679 (in Russian)
28. Russian Public Opinion Research Center (2015, May). Press-vypusk № 2829. Retrievedfrom http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115248 (in Russian)
29. Ryabichenko, T. A., & Lebedeva, N. M. (2016). Assimilation or integration: Similarities and differences between acculturation attitudes of migrants from Central Asia and Russians in Central Russia. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 9(1), 98-111. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2016.0107
30. Soroka, S. N. (2004). No news is good news (or at least most news is bad news): assymetric responses to economic information. In European consortium for political research joint sessions of workshops (pp. 2-20). Uppsala. Retrieved from http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/uppsala/ws15/Soroka.pdf
31. Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60, 556-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x
32. White, C., Duck, J. M., & Newcombe, P. A. (2012). The impact of media reliance on the role of perceived threat in predicting tolerance of muslim cultural practice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(12), 3051-3082. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00973.x
33. Zhao, Z., & Postiglione, G. A. (2010). Representations of ethnic minorities in China’s university media. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 31(3), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596301003786928
Published
2018-11-06
How to Cite
ХапцоваА. А., КляссМ. В., & ЧуприковБ. И. (2018). Three Hypotheses of Multiculturalism in Three Days: Depiction of 46 Ethnic Minorities in Russian Online-Media. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 15(2), 346-367. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2018-2-346-367
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