Три гипотезы мультикультурализма в трех днях: отображение 46 этнических меньшинств российскими онлайн-СМИ
Ключевые слова:
мультикультурализм, этнические меньшинства, онлайн-СМИ, контент-анализ
Аннотация
Тема мультикультурализма все больше привлекает внимание ученых, однако немного публикаций посвящено тому, как СМИ отображают это явление. Отображение межэтнических отношений СМИ – вопрос актуальный для России, где проживает более 160 этносов. В данном исследовании рассматривается, как российские онлайн-СМИ отображают 46 наиболее многочисленных проживающих в России этнических меньшинств с точки зрения трех гипотез межкультурного взаимодействия. В рамках исследования была разработана система индикаторов мультикультурализма для анализа медиасообщений. С помощью контент-анализа было установлено, что внимание онлайн-СМИ к разным аспектам мультикультурализма распределяется неравномерно. В частности, чаще всего меньшинства отображались с точки зрения гипотезы интеграции, реже всего – с позиции гипотезы контакта. Однако данное наблюдение несправедливо для отдельно взятых групп. Наиболее сбалансированно отображались проблемы алтайцев и грузин. В представлении остальных 44 групп СМИ делали акцент лишь на одном из трех аспектов мультикультурализма. Например, наиболее часто с точки зрения гипотезы интеграции представлялись лакцы и таджики; с точки зрения гипотезы идентичности – тувинцы, коми и чуваши; а с точки зрения гипотезы контакта – чеченцы и аварцы. Также было установлено, что, хотя в целом СМИ рассказывают об этнических меньшинствах позитивно, эта тенденция не выдерживается в отношении отдельных групп: одни этносы представлялись исключительно позитивно (тувинцы, лакцы, мордва), другие же – преимущественно негативно (узбеки, таджики, азербайджанцы). Потенциальные последствия такого неравномерного отображения этнокультурных групп СМИ для восприятия этих групп представлены в обсуждениях результатов.Скачивания
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Литература
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13. Kalin, R., & Berry, J. W. (1995). Ethnic and civic self-identity in Canada: Analyses of 1974 and 1991 national surveys. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 27(2), 1-15.
14. Lebedeva, N. M., Tatarko, A. N., & Berry, J. W. (2016). Intercultural relations in Russia and Latvia: The relationship between contact and cultural security. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 9(1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2016.0103
15. Lienemann, B. A., & Stopp, H. T. (2013). The association between media exposure of interracial relationships and attitudes toward interracial relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, E398-E415. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12037
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17. Melican, D. B., & Dixon, T. L. (2015). News on the Net: credibility, selective exposure, and Racial Prejudice. Communication Research, 35(2), 151-168.
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20. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
21. Phinney, J.S., Jacoby, B., & Silva, C. (2007). Positive intergroup attitudes: The role of ethnic identity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(5), 478-490.
22. Pietikainen, S., & Hujanen, J. (2003). At the crossroads of ethnicity, place and identity: Representations of northern people and regions in Finnish news discourse. Media, Culture & Society, 25(2), 251-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437030252007
23. Plaut, V. C., Garnett, F. G., Buffardi, L. E., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2011). “What about me ?” Perceptions of exclusion and whites’ reactions to multiculturalism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022832
24. Poindexter, P. M., Smith, L., & Heider, D. (2003). Race and ethnicity in local television news: framing, story assignments, and source selections. Journal of Broacasting and Electronic Media, 47(4), 524-536.
25. Public Opinion Foundation. (2016). News on the Internet: Survey of Internet users about where they read the news and what information they are interested in. Retrieved from http://fom.ru/SMI-iinternet/12491 (in Russian)
26. Reece, D., & Palmgreen, P. (2000). Coming to America: need for acculturation and media use motives among indian sojourners in the US. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24(6), 807-824. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00033-X
27. Russian Public Opinion Research Center (2016, May). Press-vypusk № 3098. Retrievedfrom http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115679 (in Russian)
28. Russian Public Opinion Research Center (2015, May). Press-vypusk № 2829. Retrievedfrom http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115248 (in Russian)
29. Ryabichenko, T. A., & Lebedeva, N. M. (2016). Assimilation or integration: Similarities and differences between acculturation attitudes of migrants from Central Asia and Russians in Central Russia. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 9(1), 98-111. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2016.0107
30. Soroka, S. N. (2004). No news is good news (or at least most news is bad news): assymetric responses to economic information. In European consortium for political research joint sessions of workshops (pp. 2-20). Uppsala. Retrieved from http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/uppsala/ws15/Soroka.pdf
31. Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60, 556-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x
32. White, C., Duck, J. M., & Newcombe, P. A. (2012). The impact of media reliance on the role of perceived threat in predicting tolerance of muslim cultural practice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(12), 3051-3082. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00973.x
33. Zhao, Z., & Postiglione, G. A. (2010). Representations of ethnic minorities in China’s university media. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 31(3), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596301003786928
2. Berry, J. W. (2015). Intercultural relationships in plural societies. In S. Guo & L. Wong (Eds.), Revisiting Multiculturalism in Canada(pp. 37-49). Rotterdam/Boston/Taipei: Sense Publishers.
3. Berry, J. W., & Sabatier, C. (2010). Acculturation, discrimination and adaptation among second generation immigrant youth in Montreal and Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 197-207.
4. Berry, J. W., & Sam, D. L. (2014). Multicultural societies. In V. Benet-Martinez, Y.-Y. Hong (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity (pp. 97-117). Oxford University Press.
5. Bloemraad, I. (2011, September 22). The debate over multiculturalism: philosophy, politics, and policy. Migration Information Source. Retrieved from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/debateover-multiculturalism-philosophy-politics-and-policy
6. Bloemraad, I., & Wright, M. (2014). “Utter failure” or unity out of diversity? Debating and evaluating policies of multiculturalism. International Migration Review, 48(s1), S292-S334. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12135
7. Dandy, J., & Pe-Pua, R. (2010). Attitudes to multiculturalism, immigration and cultural diversity: Comparison of dominant and non-dominant groups in three Australian states. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(1), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.10.003
8. European Commission: Eurobarometer 66.3. TNS OPINION & SOCIAL, Brussels. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne, 2006. ZA4528 Data file Version 2.0.1
9. Galyapina, V. N., & Lebedeva, N. M. (2016). Is multiculturalism in Russia possible? Intercultural relations in North Ossetia-Alania. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 9(1), 24-40. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2016.0102
10. Gui, Y., Safdar, S., & Berry, J. (2016). Mutual intercultural relations among university students in Canada. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, XXVII(April), 17-32.
11. Hillert, A., Jacobs, H., & Müller, S. (2014). Media makes momentum. Review of Financial Studies, 27(12), 3467-3501. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhu061
12. Hui, B. P. H., Chen, S. X., Leung, C. M., & Berry, J. W. (2015). Facilitating adaptation and intercultural contact: The role of integration and multicultural ideology in dominant and non-dominant groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 45, 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.01.002
13. Kalin, R., & Berry, J. W. (1995). Ethnic and civic self-identity in Canada: Analyses of 1974 and 1991 national surveys. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 27(2), 1-15.
14. Lebedeva, N. M., Tatarko, A. N., & Berry, J. W. (2016). Intercultural relations in Russia and Latvia: The relationship between contact and cultural security. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 9(1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2016.0103
15. Lienemann, B. A., & Stopp, H. T. (2013). The association between media exposure of interracial relationships and attitudes toward interracial relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, E398-E415. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12037
16. MediaScope (2017). WEB-Index: Audience of Internet projects. Results of the research: June 2017, Russia 0+. Retrieved from http://mediascope.net/services/media/media-audience/internet/information/?arrFilter_pf%5BYEAR%5D=2017&captcha_code=0c1c60553bee8dd3c8a591c9fb094ceb&captcha_word=44h38&set_filter=Y
17. Melican, D. B., & Dixon, T. L. (2015). News on the Net: credibility, selective exposure, and Racial Prejudice. Communication Research, 35(2), 151-168.
18. Mullainathan, S., & Shleifer, A. (2005). Market for news. The American Economic Review, 95(4), 1031-1053.
19. Omnibus GfK. (2016, January). Internet penetration in Russia: results of 2015. Retrieved from https://www.gfk.com/fileadmin/user_upload/dyna_content/RU/Documents/Press_Releases/2016/Internet_Usage_Russia_2015.pdf (in Russian)
20. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
21. Phinney, J.S., Jacoby, B., & Silva, C. (2007). Positive intergroup attitudes: The role of ethnic identity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(5), 478-490.
22. Pietikainen, S., & Hujanen, J. (2003). At the crossroads of ethnicity, place and identity: Representations of northern people and regions in Finnish news discourse. Media, Culture & Society, 25(2), 251-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437030252007
23. Plaut, V. C., Garnett, F. G., Buffardi, L. E., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2011). “What about me ?” Perceptions of exclusion and whites’ reactions to multiculturalism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022832
24. Poindexter, P. M., Smith, L., & Heider, D. (2003). Race and ethnicity in local television news: framing, story assignments, and source selections. Journal of Broacasting and Electronic Media, 47(4), 524-536.
25. Public Opinion Foundation. (2016). News on the Internet: Survey of Internet users about where they read the news and what information they are interested in. Retrieved from http://fom.ru/SMI-iinternet/12491 (in Russian)
26. Reece, D., & Palmgreen, P. (2000). Coming to America: need for acculturation and media use motives among indian sojourners in the US. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24(6), 807-824. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00033-X
27. Russian Public Opinion Research Center (2016, May). Press-vypusk № 3098. Retrievedfrom http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115679 (in Russian)
28. Russian Public Opinion Research Center (2015, May). Press-vypusk № 2829. Retrievedfrom http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=115248 (in Russian)
29. Ryabichenko, T. A., & Lebedeva, N. M. (2016). Assimilation or integration: Similarities and differences between acculturation attitudes of migrants from Central Asia and Russians in Central Russia. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 9(1), 98-111. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2016.0107
30. Soroka, S. N. (2004). No news is good news (or at least most news is bad news): assymetric responses to economic information. In European consortium for political research joint sessions of workshops (pp. 2-20). Uppsala. Retrieved from http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/uppsala/ws15/Soroka.pdf
31. Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60, 556-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x
32. White, C., Duck, J. M., & Newcombe, P. A. (2012). The impact of media reliance on the role of perceived threat in predicting tolerance of muslim cultural practice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(12), 3051-3082. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00973.x
33. Zhao, Z., & Postiglione, G. A. (2010). Representations of ethnic minorities in China’s university media. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 31(3), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596301003786928
Опубликован
2018-11-06
Как цитировать
ХапцоваА. А., КляссМ. В., & ЧуприковБ. И. (2018). Три гипотезы мультикультурализма в трех днях: отображение 46 этнических меньшинств российскими онлайн-СМИ. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, 15(2), 346-367. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2018-2-346-367
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