Разработка опросника для изучения аттитюдов к войне как к способу разрешения международных конфликтов
Ключевые слова:
аттитюды к войне, правый авторитаризм, ориентация на социальное доминирование, национализм, методика
Аннотация
В статье описана авторская методика для изучения аттитюдов к войне как к способу решения международных конфликтов. Ее создание происходило в два основных этапа. На первом этапе был сформулирован ряд утверждений, которые отражали восприятие различных аспектов войны. Затем были отобраны те, которые вошли в окончательный вариант опросника. Разработанная методика включала в себя 6 факторов (эффективность войны, моральная оправданность войны, экономические последствия войны, социальные последствия войны, позитивные гуманитарные последствия войны, негативные гуманитарные последствия войны), которые образуют единый фактор общих аттитюдов к войне. В исследовании 1 (N = 978) результаты проведенного конфирматорного факторного анализа показали, что вариант опросника, который включает в себя 12 утверждений, демонстрирует приемлемый уровень соответствия эмпирическим данным. Мультигрупповой анализ продемонстрировал структурную эквивалентность при использовании этого опросника на 2 группах: 1) мужчин и женщин, 2) людях младше и старше 30 лет. При этом выяснилось, что мужчины обладают более позитивными аттитюдами к войне, чем женщины, а люди до 30 лет – более позитивными аттитюдами, чем люди старше 30 лет. Затем в исследовании 2 (N = 1492) была проанализирована внешняя валидность методики. Была установлена позитивная связь аттитюдов к войне с уровнем правого авторитаризма и ориентацией на социальное доминирование в области международных отношений. В данном исследовании показатель надежности опросника для изучения аттитюдов к войне демонстрировал высокое значение (α = 0.87).
Скачивания
Данные скачивания пока не доступны.
Литература
1. Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other "authoritarian personality." In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 47-92). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
2. Bizumic, B., Stubager, R., Mellon, S., Van der Linden, N., Iyer, R., & Jones, B. M. (2013). (In)compatibility of attitudes toward peace and war. Political Psychology, 34, 673-693. https://doi.org/10.1111 /pops.12032
3. Brooks, D. J., & Valentino, B. A. (2011). A war of one's own: Understanding the gender gap in support for war. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75, 270-286. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr005
4. Cohrs, C., & Moschner, B. (2002). Antiwar knowledge and generalized political attitudes as determinants of attitude toward the Kosovo War. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8, 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327949PAC0802_03
5. Cohrs, J. C., Moschner, B., Maes, J., & Kielmann, S. (2005). Personal values and attitudes toward war. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 11, 293-312. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac1103_5
6. Crowson, H. M. (2009a). Nationalism, internationalism, and perceived UN irrelevance: Mediators of relationships between authoritarianism and support for military aggression as part of the war on terror. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39,1137-1162. https://doi.org/10.1111 /j.1559-1816.2009.00475.x
7. Crowson, H. M. (2009b). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: As mediators of worldview beliefs on attitudes related to the war on terror. Social Psychology, 40, 93- 103. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.93
8. Crowson, H. M., DeBacker, T. K., & Thoma, S. J. (2005). Does authoritarianism predict post-9/11 attitudes? Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1273-1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.005
9. Crowson, H. M., Debacker, T. K., & Thoma, S. J. (2006). The role of authoritarianism, perceived threat, and need for closure or structure in predicting post-9/11 attitudes and beliefs. Journal of Social Psychology, 146, 733-750. https://doi.org/10.3200/S0CP.146.6.733-750
10. Doty, R. M., Winter, D. G., Peterson, B. E., & Kemmelmeier, M. (1997). Authoritarianism and American students' attitudes about the Gulf War, 1990-1996. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1133-1143.
11. Duncan, L. E., & Stewart, A. J. (1995). Still bringing the Vietnam War home: Sources of contemporary student activism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 914-924.
12. Dyakonova, N. A. (2001). Osobennosti avtoritarizma i ego vzaimosvyaz's tsennostnymi orientatsiyami i lokusom kontrolya u rossiiskikh i amerikanskikh studentov [Specifics of authoritarianism and its interrelations with values orientations and locus of control in Russian and American students] (Ph.D. dissertation). Retrieved from http://dl1.lib.ua-ru.net/files/dfd/252/030359001.doc (in Russian)
13. Federico, C. M., Golec, A., & Dial, J. L. (2005). The relationship between the need for closure and support for military action against Iraq: moderating effects of national attachment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 621-632.
14. Feinstein, Y. (2016). Pulling the trigger: how threats to the nation increase support for military action via the generation of hubris. Sociological Science, 3, 317-334.
15. Grigoryan, L. K., & Lepshokova, Z. Kh. (2012). Empiricheskaya model' vzaimosvyazi grazhdanskoi identichnosti i ustanovok po otnosheniyu k immigrantam s ekonomicheskimi predstavleniyami rossiyan [Empirical model of interrelation of civic identity and attitudes towards immigrants and economic beliefs of the Russians]. Sotsial'naya Psikhologiya i Obshchestvo, 2, 5-20. (in Russian)
16. Gulevich, O. A., Agadullina, E. R., & Khukhlaev, O. E. (2018). Approval of Group Hierarchy: Russian Version of Social Dominance Orientation Scale. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 15(3), 407-428. (in Russian)
17. Heaven, P. C. L., Organ, L., Supavadeeprasit, S., & Leeson, P. (2006). War and prejudice: A study of social values, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 599-608.
18. Heskin, K., & Power, V. (1994). The determinants of Australians' attitudes toward the Gulf War. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 317-330.
19. Izzett, R. R. (1971). Authoritarianism and attitudes toward the Vietnam War as reflected in behavioral and self-report measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 145-148. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030391
20. Jones-Wiley, D. G., Restori, A. F., Lee, H. B., Himelfarb, I., & Boluyt, M. (2007). A psychometric evaluation of existing attitude measures toward capital punishment and war. North American Journal of Psychology, 9, 475-484.
21. Levada-Tsentr. (2018, 1 February). Vazhneishie sobytiya 2017goda [The most important events of the year 2017]. Retrieved from https://www.levada.ru/2018/02/01/vazhnejshie-sobytiya-2017-goda (in Russian)
22. Maoz, I. (2012). The women and peace hypothesis. In D. J. Christie (ed.), The encyclopedia of peace psychology (pp. 1185-1188). London: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp296
23. McFarland, S. G. (2005). On the eve of war: authoritarianism, social dominance, and American students' attitudes toward attacking Iraq. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 360-67.
24. McFarland, S. G., Ageyev, V. S., & Abalakina-Paap, M. A. (1992). Authoritarianism in the former Soviet Union. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 1004-1010. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.1004
25. Nelson, L. L. (1995). Militaristic attitudes in college students: Developmental antecedents and personality correlates. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New York.
26. Nelson, L. L., & Milburn, T. W. (1999). Relationships between problem-solving competencies and militaristic attitudes: Implications for peace education. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 5, 149-168. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac0502_4
27. Obshchestvennoe mnenie - 2009. (2009). Moscow: Levada-Tsentr. Retrieved from http://www.levada.ru/sites/default/files/levada_2009_rus.pdf (in Russian)
28. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741-763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741
29. Stoner, S. B., & Spencer, W. B. (1987). Age and gender differences with the anger expression scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47(2), 487-492. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164487472023
30. Tessler, M., Nachtway, J., & Grant, A. (1999). Further tests of the women and peace hypothesis: Evidence from cross-national survey research in the Middle East. International Studies Quarterly, 43, 519-531.
31. Van der Linden, N., Leys, C., Klein, O., & Bouchat, P. (2017). Are attitudes toward peace and war the two sides of the same coin? Evidence to the contrary from a French validation of the Attitudes Toward Peace and War Scale. PLoS ONE, 12(9), e0184001. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184001
32. Weise, D. R., Pyszczynski, T., Cox, C. R., Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Kosloff, S. (2008). Interpersonal politics: The role of terror management and attachment processes in shaping political preferences. Psychological Science, 19, 448-455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02108.x
2. Bizumic, B., Stubager, R., Mellon, S., Van der Linden, N., Iyer, R., & Jones, B. M. (2013). (In)compatibility of attitudes toward peace and war. Political Psychology, 34, 673-693. https://doi.org/10.1111 /pops.12032
3. Brooks, D. J., & Valentino, B. A. (2011). A war of one's own: Understanding the gender gap in support for war. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75, 270-286. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr005
4. Cohrs, C., & Moschner, B. (2002). Antiwar knowledge and generalized political attitudes as determinants of attitude toward the Kosovo War. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8, 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327949PAC0802_03
5. Cohrs, J. C., Moschner, B., Maes, J., & Kielmann, S. (2005). Personal values and attitudes toward war. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 11, 293-312. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac1103_5
6. Crowson, H. M. (2009a). Nationalism, internationalism, and perceived UN irrelevance: Mediators of relationships between authoritarianism and support for military aggression as part of the war on terror. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39,1137-1162. https://doi.org/10.1111 /j.1559-1816.2009.00475.x
7. Crowson, H. M. (2009b). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: As mediators of worldview beliefs on attitudes related to the war on terror. Social Psychology, 40, 93- 103. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.93
8. Crowson, H. M., DeBacker, T. K., & Thoma, S. J. (2005). Does authoritarianism predict post-9/11 attitudes? Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1273-1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.005
9. Crowson, H. M., Debacker, T. K., & Thoma, S. J. (2006). The role of authoritarianism, perceived threat, and need for closure or structure in predicting post-9/11 attitudes and beliefs. Journal of Social Psychology, 146, 733-750. https://doi.org/10.3200/S0CP.146.6.733-750
10. Doty, R. M., Winter, D. G., Peterson, B. E., & Kemmelmeier, M. (1997). Authoritarianism and American students' attitudes about the Gulf War, 1990-1996. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1133-1143.
11. Duncan, L. E., & Stewart, A. J. (1995). Still bringing the Vietnam War home: Sources of contemporary student activism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 914-924.
12. Dyakonova, N. A. (2001). Osobennosti avtoritarizma i ego vzaimosvyaz's tsennostnymi orientatsiyami i lokusom kontrolya u rossiiskikh i amerikanskikh studentov [Specifics of authoritarianism and its interrelations with values orientations and locus of control in Russian and American students] (Ph.D. dissertation). Retrieved from http://dl1.lib.ua-ru.net/files/dfd/252/030359001.doc (in Russian)
13. Federico, C. M., Golec, A., & Dial, J. L. (2005). The relationship between the need for closure and support for military action against Iraq: moderating effects of national attachment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 621-632.
14. Feinstein, Y. (2016). Pulling the trigger: how threats to the nation increase support for military action via the generation of hubris. Sociological Science, 3, 317-334.
15. Grigoryan, L. K., & Lepshokova, Z. Kh. (2012). Empiricheskaya model' vzaimosvyazi grazhdanskoi identichnosti i ustanovok po otnosheniyu k immigrantam s ekonomicheskimi predstavleniyami rossiyan [Empirical model of interrelation of civic identity and attitudes towards immigrants and economic beliefs of the Russians]. Sotsial'naya Psikhologiya i Obshchestvo, 2, 5-20. (in Russian)
16. Gulevich, O. A., Agadullina, E. R., & Khukhlaev, O. E. (2018). Approval of Group Hierarchy: Russian Version of Social Dominance Orientation Scale. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 15(3), 407-428. (in Russian)
17. Heaven, P. C. L., Organ, L., Supavadeeprasit, S., & Leeson, P. (2006). War and prejudice: A study of social values, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 599-608.
18. Heskin, K., & Power, V. (1994). The determinants of Australians' attitudes toward the Gulf War. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 317-330.
19. Izzett, R. R. (1971). Authoritarianism and attitudes toward the Vietnam War as reflected in behavioral and self-report measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 145-148. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030391
20. Jones-Wiley, D. G., Restori, A. F., Lee, H. B., Himelfarb, I., & Boluyt, M. (2007). A psychometric evaluation of existing attitude measures toward capital punishment and war. North American Journal of Psychology, 9, 475-484.
21. Levada-Tsentr. (2018, 1 February). Vazhneishie sobytiya 2017goda [The most important events of the year 2017]. Retrieved from https://www.levada.ru/2018/02/01/vazhnejshie-sobytiya-2017-goda (in Russian)
22. Maoz, I. (2012). The women and peace hypothesis. In D. J. Christie (ed.), The encyclopedia of peace psychology (pp. 1185-1188). London: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp296
23. McFarland, S. G. (2005). On the eve of war: authoritarianism, social dominance, and American students' attitudes toward attacking Iraq. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 360-67.
24. McFarland, S. G., Ageyev, V. S., & Abalakina-Paap, M. A. (1992). Authoritarianism in the former Soviet Union. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 1004-1010. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.1004
25. Nelson, L. L. (1995). Militaristic attitudes in college students: Developmental antecedents and personality correlates. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New York.
26. Nelson, L. L., & Milburn, T. W. (1999). Relationships between problem-solving competencies and militaristic attitudes: Implications for peace education. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 5, 149-168. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac0502_4
27. Obshchestvennoe mnenie - 2009. (2009). Moscow: Levada-Tsentr. Retrieved from http://www.levada.ru/sites/default/files/levada_2009_rus.pdf (in Russian)
28. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741-763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741
29. Stoner, S. B., & Spencer, W. B. (1987). Age and gender differences with the anger expression scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47(2), 487-492. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164487472023
30. Tessler, M., Nachtway, J., & Grant, A. (1999). Further tests of the women and peace hypothesis: Evidence from cross-national survey research in the Middle East. International Studies Quarterly, 43, 519-531.
31. Van der Linden, N., Leys, C., Klein, O., & Bouchat, P. (2017). Are attitudes toward peace and war the two sides of the same coin? Evidence to the contrary from a French validation of the Attitudes Toward Peace and War Scale. PLoS ONE, 12(9), e0184001. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184001
32. Weise, D. R., Pyszczynski, T., Cox, C. R., Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Kosloff, S. (2008). Interpersonal politics: The role of terror management and attachment processes in shaping political preferences. Psychological Science, 19, 448-455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02108.x
Опубликован
2018-11-08
Как цитировать
НеврюевА. Н. (2018). Разработка опросника для изучения аттитюдов к войне как к способу разрешения международных конфликтов. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, 15(3), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2018-3-464-476
Выпуск
Раздел
Опросники для изучения социально-психологических феноменов
